The Volvo S40 Starter produces the first turn, which activates the engine and transforms battery power into the mechanical rotation required to start combustion. Mounted next to the transmission bell housing, the small motor in the Volvo is fed current via a large battery cable and an externally mounted solenoid when the driver turns the key or clicks the start button. The Starter casing is a box that contains an armature that turns in field coils or lighter permanent magnets, pushing a pinion gear forward, allowing it to temporarily engage the flywheel ring gear, and an overrunning clutch subsequently releases the gear the moment the engine fires. Earlier Volvo models make use of direct drive units, but subsequent models feature a gear reduction design that employs planetary gears to increase torque multiplication, and the design is smaller and lighter in curb weight. When voltage passes, the solenoid not only starts the motor but also moves the gear into place, all controlled by an ignition controlled circuit that incorporates a relay as well as a neutral or clutch safety switch that prevents accidental cranking when the car is in gear. Once the engine catches, the circuit is broken, the drive gear is retracted, and the Starter is turned off so that every Volvo start feels smooth to the drivers of S40.
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